Above: enhanced stills from video of the beginning of the disaster. Top row: The right Solid Rocket Booster (on the the far side of the vehicle) rips itself free from its rear attachment strut and tears into the top of the external tank, disrupting it and mixing the liquid Hydrogen and Oxygen which swiftly ignites. As the bottom dome of the External Tank pops off flames erupt from the hidden side of the vehicle and peek through the gap between the orbiter and the external tank (frames 2-4) with a major fireball then erupting from the top of the external tank (right pair of frames.) Bottom row: the orbiter is veiled by igniting clouds of Hydrogen and Oxygen, with debris emerging and bobbing in and out of sight as in the leading edge of an avalanche. The vehicle breaks up swiftly inside the luminous cloud, with the crew cabin emerging by frame 3. Frames 5 and 6 show the orbiter crew cabin, with some of the forward bottom fuselage still attached, emerging from the fireball, the heat from which briefly ignites its reaction control rocket fuel tanks (last frame)

On January 28, 1986 I learned of the Challenger Disaster from my wife Cheryl shortly after she happened to tune in the launch on CNN while channel surfing. We were staying at a friend's house in Pasadena while I attended the Uranus encounter at JPL. She awakened me just after the announcement of a 'major malfunction' and the first thing I saw on the TV was the shot of the parallel smoke trails being followed by the camera while feedback was gathering in the NASA audio. I waited impatiently for a video replay, wondering what happened. When the video tape was shown I saw the initial 'fireball' with the solid rockets flying sideways then ahead, writhing in their paths like mortally wounded snakes. It was an apparition slashed across the heavens, a vision of a scorpion of death. The tail was the initial ascent trail, the legs the multiple tendrils of debris, and the claws the two wildly careening solid rocket boosters. The video tape was transfixing, one could not look away from it, as if some vital clue might emerge with repeated viewing.

  What does one imagine as one tries to make sense of something like this? For this member of the generation reared to worship rockets and space flight, it was like a sacred idol being toppled, a terrible defining moment in a history of space travel which until then was justifiably crowned in repeated triumphs through out my lifetime. It was a part of the brutal graduation from idealism to reality we all face on some level in our lives. From the moment the repeated reruns of the telephoto camera view of the start of the accident were shown I wondered if the crew had time to know what was happening. Everything occurred so fast, and it was was comforting to imagine it was a quick fate for those poor devils. Seven people at once are a lot to lose, with many associated families and institutions carrying a shock wave of grief across the space community and beyond. I couldn't imagine being a family member at the VIP stand (which did not have a clear view of the accident from that angle) gradually reading from the terrified crowd reactions the unthinkable, and having this realization shared through television close ups of their faces. And yet seeing this sad image of the parents of Christa McAuliffe on television helped many people 'get in touch with their own feelings' about this tragedy.

 At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory the Voyager Uranus encounter was just winding down, and many journalists were still gathered at the press area of JPL to see the shuttle launch over NASA Television. When the ascending vehicle turned into a fireball there were shouts, then sobs from the crowd in the Von Karman Auditorium. When I arrived at JPL around noon, the American flag in front was already at half staff. The press room was in a state of disarray with many troubled discussions taking place on what the repercussions of the disaster would be. At the entrance to the press area were two stacks of press releases, one for the shuttle mission 51-L and another for the (until then) imminent Galileo mission. The implications of one to the other dawned on me as I looked at them, taking one of each for posterity. For the last few days a direct video link up between NASA headquarters and JPL had been active during the Uranus encounter. A projection television in the auditorium beamed images of NASA officials on a screen while reporters in various NASA centers asked questions, including from someone sitting near me, who complained after he was cut off during his question loudly and bitterly about not getting a straight answer.
  The entire day became a numb absorption of news and other people's reactions. I decided to head home, and while barreling up the Interstate '5' I listened to radio talk shows commenting on the tragedy. One radio therapist, answering someone criticizing Christa McAuliffe for taking such a risk, said no matter how much sorrow one felt for the crew and their families it was important to realize that each of them had worked hard to place themselves exactly where they wanted to be at that moment. How many of us will be able to say the same thing when our time comes? People at first thought the crew had vanished instantaneously in an intense explosion, never knowing what happened, and took comfort from that. I was encouraged to hear overwhelming support for continuing space flight. Strange commentary was heard over the next few days on talk radio, such as people expressing a primitive fear of their bodies not being intact at death, including the concern that in order to rise up on resurrection day one needed to be whole!
  I heard a story of a woman in her living room screaming in front of her astonished family that the shuttle would explode moments before it happened! (this made me wonder how many people do this during every launch!) Religious broadcasters used the event to further their agendas, airing stories of spontaneous school prayers being squelched by the 'Secular Humanists' they always railed against. Tasteless jokes were passed among school yards and offices which, while an affront to those close to the victims, was nevertheless part of the natural healing process. (What does NASA stand for-Need Another Seven Astronauts was among the least offensive)

The deaths of the crew initially seemed instantaneous, with no time to execute any kind of escape option even if one had been built into the vehicle. Early reports suggested that no abnormal telemetry was received before the blast, and early fears were expressed of insufficient clues being available. As the details of the accident emerged the culpability of the Solid Rocket booster, used in wet and cold conditions beyond its design specifications, was revealed. The surprising robustness of the crew cabin under such circumstances was another revelation.

   From the interior the first visual cue of the event would have been the windows becoming brilliant panels as the ET contents ignited around them, and the last vocal traces on the tape, "OHoh" (louder in the first syllable and not separate words, as imitated by an astronaut who heard the tape) may well coincide with this or an alarming instrument reading of the external tank pressure. It is possible what was being said was "Ohhh Shit!", cut off as electrical connections failed when the breakup of the vehicle began. Later scrutiny of the tapes and films revealed the crew cabin, the strongest portion of the vehicle, emerging from the surging mass of flame fairly cleanly detaching itself from part of the bottom fuselage. The rest of the vehicle had broken apart like a house of cards as it tumbled broadside into the resistant air. the crew were briefly shoved down into their seats with nearly 20 G's of force. Upon decompression, as cables and surrounding attachment points were wrenched from their lower crew cabin deck, a deafening roar would have accompanied a flurry of loose objects and a brief fog forming inside the darkened cabin interior. The temperature would plummet drastically and the Mach 1.9 winds would shriek in the thinning air as the detached crew cabin tumbled about, gradually stabilizing in an oscillating nose forward position. As this took place some of the crew activated their Personal Egress Air Packs, used for emergency breathing, although since the breakup took place at 48,000 feet and they were at or above that altitude for nearly a minute they presumably were unconscious soon in the thin air and were presumably spared the majority of the ordeal.
  The crew cabin hit the water 207 seconds after launch at about 200 MPH on its front left side, indicating a nose down steep left bank attitude at impact. Attachment struts for the flight deck seats were found to be bent sharply to the right. After ocean impact, by the time it settled on the sea floor the crew cabin had become a flattened heap of loosely consolidated wreckage, with sonar images such as one by Harold Edgerton shown in National Geographic Magazine suggesting exposed interior details. A cockpit window was penetrated by debris but just when that happened is unknowable. Some of the crew remains were said to be found outside the cabin, and floating helmets were being salvaged the day after the explosion. Below right are two images shown during television coverage in the aftermath of the disaster, presumably taken clandestinely by a recovery crew member with a small disposable camera, of recovered helmets from the 51L crew. A complete similar helmet is shown on the left.

 The lessons of that terrible day are burned into our minds, the images and the reactions. Over the months much shuttle wreckage was recovered, coincidentally while across the Atlantic the rusted remains of another pivotal disaster were being examined, that of the Titanic. Parallels between the two events seemed to emerge, both were failures of overly trusted technologies, both had failed to protect the lives of their occupants by deliberate omission of safety measures in practice or by design, and both fell victim through miscommunication to a series of preventable events brought about by cold weather. Both incidents created in their aftermath wide ranging safety regulations on their respective forms of travel. One major difference between the two is that the Titanic sinking was far from the end of ocean travel, while the Shuttle program thereafter gave up on providing widespread civilian access to space. The dogged persistence of the backup teacher, Barbara Morgan, led to her becoming an astronaut and waiting 21 years to fly. As I write this revision ( 2:35 PM PST 8/14/07) I am watching Barbara participating in the long planned question and answer session with school children. It is always great to see a dream fulfilled.
   Unlike the Titanic, whose remains and artifacts were widely seen, Challenger's pieces were packed into a missile silo and sealed in concrete as if entombing a feared sleeping demon. A series of freedom of information lawsuits against NASA were required to pry information from them. Attempts to see the inside of the cockpit were unsuccessful, although an artist did manage to force NASA to release some pictures of the outside of the cabin entombed in scaffolding. Another series of lawsuits were required to see the transcript of the crew conversations during ascent which were salvaged from recovered tapes. The reason given for such reluctance to share information was the feelings of the families of the crew. While their feelings should be given rightful consideration this wasn't just their tragedy, the loss was to the nation as well. Knowing the crew's fate provides greater understanding of the terrible risks taken by people who ride atop rockets and assists in making decisions to take such risks. When interior photos of the charred Apollo 1 capsule were released it was a sad thing to see and we moved on to land on the Moon. Now we are fainter of heart, and we recoil from challenges more than we rise to them. Indeed in the wake of the Columbia Disaster less was shared about the last moments of that mission than that of Challenger, in the wake of a perceived greater opportunity to withhold information in the post 9/11 world.** Since the 9/11 terrorist attack the United States seems to be afraid to build the worlds tallest building, an ominous sign that the spirit that once nurtured great projects may have been broken.

 The Challenger Disaster was a mortal blow to the optimistic dreams of widespread access to space such as we still had then. This was the loss of innocence to space fans around the world, and the beginning of the end of the idea that the 'curve' of human numbers going into space would steadily grow until interested individuals could have a good chance of going into space or even to other worlds. The faith we had in technology suffered a deep blow that day, and for a couple of years to come space flight was a memory for the U.S.

  Challenger was also the straw that broke the back of the troubled efforts to build a California shuttle launch facility in Vandenburg. The French space plane Hermes was abruptly redesigned to provide a launch escape system, and the added complexity and weight brought that program a lingering death. Several advanced 'space plane' concepts were later attempted and abandoned one after the other by the countries presumably most capable of such projects because they were either unwilling or unable to tackle the daunting technological problems. A sense of diminishing returns in manned spacecraft related progress emerged in contrast to the limitless dreams of yesteryear. The space station program began a prolonged troubled gestation with several stillbirths along the way, at long last ending up with smaller habitats and fewer people then when the project began. The second Shuttle Disaster was to further hamper the development of the International Space Station, leading to a 2 man crew whose time is mainly taken up by maintenance. Indeed the space station program can be thought of as the biggest non-fatal disaster in the history of NASA.
  

Most of us realized in our hearts after Challenger that we were personally never going to make it into space. Writers, artists, and others had been jockeying into position to try to be among the Chosen in a kind of lottery which could have consumed years of many lives unnecessarily. In retrospect many careers were probably redirected to more productive pursuits once a sober appraisal of the odds of going into space was possible. In effect a kind of cruel false hope was offered to justify the Shuttle program, and to this day children are being deceived in various 'Challenger learning centers' into thinking they have a substantial chance to go to space, when they might as well be telling them to practice spending the millions of dollars they will win in a large lottery. There are even simulations of trips to the Moon and Mars being used to entice kids into astronaut careers although funding priorities have yet to make reality of plans to ever leave Low Earth Orbit. The recent 'Vision for Space Exploration' is a rare show of support from the highest levels of the administration, however I won't believe it will happen until hardware is actually being built and flown.
  Until going into space is as available as say, an expedition to the Himalayas, the impact of Space on our culture will be limited and subject to the whims of government and corporate agencies. So long as you have to be an astronaut, to be swallowed up into that para-military culture, in order to have a chance to go into space there is no hope. One might as well aspire to be the leader of a country, the numbers being roughly similar between the number of space travelers and Heads of State in the World. Such are the prospects for wide human access to space for the foreseeable future.

 It is said to be a noisy environment inside the shuttle during ascent, but Christa McAuliffe was carrying her personal micro cassette recorder to capture audio ambiance during ascent. Journalist Dennis Powell spent some time trying to track this tape down and was stonewalled by NASA at every turn of his inquiries. He learned that the tape was recovered, and was partly wound in the cassette. It was rumored elsewhere that this tape was supposedly analyzed but revealed no crew related sounds. The tape was supposedly offered to Christa's widower with him declining and asking NASA to destroy it.

  A possible factor in the accident still poorly researched is the conceivable role of White House pressure in launching in time for a reference to the 'Teacher In Space' in the annual State of the Union speech president Reagan was to give that day. Although this story has been persuasively discredited, the fact remains that the recordings of the relevant discussions between the White House, especially chief of staff Donald Regen, and NASA officials were never released. This qualifies efforts to lay this story to rest. Incidentally, when officials interrupted the President's meeting to announce the shuttle had exploded, Reagan asked "You mean the one with the teacher on board?"

*Based on published reports, weighed news group contributions, and private interviews subject to revision as new facts emerge

** an analysis of the physical and geopolitical effects of the 9/11 attacks can be seen here.